Why does this debt exist?
Following the now-defunct website straty-wojenne.pl
During World War II, Poland suffered the greatest losses, relative to its total population and national wealth, in terms of human and material losses among all European countries. These losses resulted not only from military actions but primarily from Germany's occupation policy, particularly the deliberate and organized extermination of the population in the occupied territories of Poland, as well as the intensive exploitation of Polish society (including forced labor) and the purposeful destruction of property, including the devastation of the capital, Warsaw, and thousands of Polish cities and villages. The negative consequences of World War II in demographics, economy, infrastructure, scientific development, education, and culture are still felt by Poland and Poles today.
We have never received full war reparations from Germany.
Poland’s independent authorities have never formally and effectively waived reparations.
Where does this amount come from?
All losses were meticulously calculated: human, material, cultural, artistic, banking, insurance, and others.
To make the amounts realistic, they were compared to current values. Various methods of revaluation were examined, and for the final version of the report, the method yielding the LOWEST result was chosen to avoid accusations of manipulation.
Revaluation methods (from the report):
The final amount consists of the following components:
Thus, we have a final amount of 6,220,609,000,000 PLN, revalued as of the end of 2021 (i.e., 31.12.2021), calculated from the USD value converted to PLN based on the average NBP exchange rate at that time.
To update it, we use the same method as the report’s authors: we take the latest available US CPI revaluation index, the USD-PLN exchange rate (based on the average NBP rate on the date of the latest available CPI value), and obtain the current amount.
Of course, with this approach, there is a risk that in the case of a decline in the USD-PLN exchange rate and/or simultaneous deflation in the US, the total debt value may fall below the estimates from the Report.
The amount is absurdly high, what can it do for Poland?
Yes, the amount is very high, just as Poland’s losses were immense.
Compared to others, the reparation amount corresponds to:
- over 7 annual state budgets (based on planned expenditures for 2025)
- 1.67 times the GDP, or more than one and a half years’ worth of Poland’s entire economy
- 35 years of defense spending as planned for 2025
- 147,400 km of highways – equivalent to 40% of Poland’s entire road network
- 43 facilities like the CPK
- 51 nuclear power plants
- 30.1 million apartments (Poland’s population is approximately 38 million)
- 41.5 years of healthcare expenditures
- almost fivefold repayment of the entire public debt
Why is the incorporation of the so-called Recovered Territories not considered compensation?
Let the report speak:
As a result of World War II, Poland, despite being part of the victorious coalition, lost 180,000 km², or 46% of its pre-war territory, to the USSR. At the same time, it gained territories in the west and north, covering 102,855 km², known as the Recovered Territories, but their incorporation should not be treated as compensation for the war damages to Poland’s pre-war territory. As a result of these actions, Poland’s area after World War II shrank by approximately 77,200 km², or nearly 20% compared to the Second Polish Republic.
Important links and materials for download
War Losses Report
- Full version: Volume 1 (PL) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Full version: Volume 2 (PL) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Full version: Volume 3 (PL) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Full version: Volume 1 (ENG) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Full version: Volume 2 (ENG) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Full version: Volume 3 (ENG) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (PL) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (ENG) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (DE) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (IT) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (FR) download here or view on the Institute’s website
- Short version (brochure) (ES) download here or view on the Institute’s website
Jan Karski War Losses Institute: instytutstratwojennych.pl
Catalogue of wartime losses: lootedart.gov.pl/en/
Countries that have already received reparations from Germany
- Israel
- Yugoslavia
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Norway
- Greece (individual reparations; Greece still demands war reparations)
- Namibia (for colonial crimes from 1904–1908)